More on describing data by pictures and neumerical summaries (brain weight data) > brainwt[sex == "f"] [1] 1125 1027 1112 983 1090 1247 1045 983 972 1045 937 1245 1200 1270 1200 1145 1090 1040 [19] 1343 1010 1095 1180 1168 1095 1040 1235 1050 1038 1046 1255 1228 1000 1225 1220 1085 1067 [37] 1006 1138 1175 1252 1037 958 1020 1068 1107 1317 952 1056 1203 1183 1392 1130 1284 996 [55] 1228 1087 1035 1170 1064 1250 1129 1088 1037 1117 1095 1027 1027 1190 1153 1037 1120 1212 [73] 1024 1135 1177 1096 1114 > length(brainwt[sex == "f"]) [1] 77 > sort(brainwt[sex == "f"]) [1] 937 952 958 972 983 983 996 1000 1006 1010 1020 1024 1027 1027 1027 1035 1037 1037 [19] 1037 1038 1040 1040 1045 1045 1046 1050 1056 1064 1067 1068 1085 1087 1088 1090 1090 1095 [37] 1095 1095 1096 1107 1112 1114 1117 1120 1125 1129 1130 1135 1138 1145 1153 1168 1170 1175 [55] 1177 1180 1183 1190 1200 1200 1203 1212 1220 1225 1228 1228 1235 1245 1247 1250 1252 1255 [73] 1270 1284 1317 1343 1392 > quantile(brainwt[sex == "f"]) 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 937 1038 1096 1190 1392 > # you can see that median (50th-perc) value 1096 is the 39th obs in size, 38 below and above > # 1038 is the 20th obs in size, 1190 is the 58th obs in size, both just about median of halfs > stem(brainwt[sex == "f"]) The decimal point is 2 digit(s) to the right of the | 9 | 4 9 | 56788 > # very first line is smallest value stem 9 leaf 4 10 | 0011223334444444 representing 937 (think 9.40 and move 10 | 5555667799999 > # decimal point 2 places as indicated to read 940) and 11 | 00001112233344 so forth. 952 is stem 9 leaf 5 etc 11 | 557788889 12 | 000123334 12 | 5555678 13 | 24 13 | 9 > mean(brainwt[sex == "f"]);sd(brainwt[sex == "f"]) [1] 1117.169 [1] 98.97094 > mean(brainwt[sex == "f"]+ 7);sd(brainwt[sex == "f"]+7) [1] 1124.169 [1] 98.97094 > mean(brainwt[sex == "f"]/3);sd(brainwt[sex == "f"]/3) [1] 372.3896 [1] 32.99031